@InProceedings{Baker:US-IALE:2006,
 author		= {Barry Baker and William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Mike Heiner},
 title		= {Use of Multivariate Cluster and Climate Classification Techniques to Characterize Future Climate Scenarios in {P}eoples {R}epublic of {C}hina},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the International Association for Landscape Ecology, United States Regional Association (US-IALE)},
 address	= {San Diego, California, USA},
 day		= 31,
 month		= mar,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Baker:ClimChange:2010,
 author		= {Barry Baker and Henry Diaz and William Hargrove and Forrest Hoffman},
 title		= {Use of the {K}\"oppen-{T}rewartha Climate Classification to Evaluate Climatic Refugia in Statistically Derived Ecoregions for the {P}eople's {R}epublic of {C}hina},
 journal	= ClimChange,
 volume		= 98,
 number		= {1--2},
 pages		= {113--131},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9622-2}{10.1007/s10584-009-9622-2}},
 real_doi	= {10.1007/s10584-009-9622-2},
 month		= jan,
 year		= 2010,
 abstract	= {Changes in climate as projected by state-of-the-art climate models are likely to result in novel combinations of climate and topo-edaphic factors that will have substantial impacts on the distribution and persistence of natural vegetation and animal species. We have used multivariate techniques to quantify some of these changes; the method employed was the Multivariate Spatio-Temporal Clustering (MSTC) algorithm. We used the MSTC to quantitatively define ecoregions for the People’s Republic of China for historical and projected future climates. Using the K\"oppen–Trewartha classification system we were able to quantify some of the temperature and precipitation relationships of the ecoregions. We then tested the hypothesis that impacts to environments will be lower for ecoregions that retain their approximate geographic locations. Our results showed that climate in 2050, as projected from anthropogenic forcings using the Hadley Centre HadCM3 general circulation model, were sufficient to create novel environmental conditions even where ecoregions remained spatially stable; cluster number was found to be of paramount importance in detecting novelty. Continental-scale analyses are generally able to locate potentially static ecoregions but they may be insufficient to define the position of those reserves at a grid cell-by-grid cell basis.}
}

@TechReport{Barnes:ORNL/TM:1995,
 author         = {K. D. Barnes and J. M. Donato and D. M. Flanagan and N. W. Grady and J. A. Green and F. M. Hoffman and J. A. Kohl and M. R. Leuze and P. M. Papadopoulos and R. F. Sincovec},
 institution    = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
 title          = {The Financial Automated Management On-Line User System ({F}a{MOUS}):  A Prototype Interactive Hypertext-based Financial Planning and Reporting System},
 type           = {Technical Memorandum},
 number         = {ORNL/TM-13139},
 month          = nov,
 year           = 1995 }

@Article{Brooks_AGU_2009,
 author		= {Bj\o{}rn J. Brooks and Forrest M. Hoffman and Richard T. Mills and David J. Erickson and T. J. Blasing},
 title		= {The Effect of Anthropogenic Emissions Corrections on the Seasonal cycle of Atmospheric {CO}$_2$},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 90,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A51A-0078},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2009 }

@InProceedings{Carr:CUG:2005,
 author		= {George R. Carr and Matthew J. Cordery and John B. Drake and
Michael W. Ham and Forrest M. Hoffman and Patrick H. Worley},
 title		= {Porting and Performance of the {C}ommunity {C}limate {S}ystem {M}odel ({CCSM3}) on the {C}ray {X1}},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 2005 {C}ray {U}sers {G}roup Meeting},
 address	= {Albuquerque, New Mexico},
 month		= may,
 year		= 2005 }

@Article{Dickinson:JClim:2006,
 author         = {Robert E. Dickinson and Keith W. Oleson and Gordon Bonan and Forrest Hoffman and Peter Thornton and Mariana Vertenstein and Zong-Liang Yang and Xubin Zeng},    
 title          = {The {C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel and Its Climate Statistics as a Component of the {C}ommunity {C}limate {S}ystem {M}odel},
 journal        = JClim,
 volume		= 19,
 number		= 11,
 pages		= {2302--2324},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3742.1}{10.1175/JCLI3742.1}},
 month		= jun,
 year           = 2006 }

@TechReport{Ehlschlaeger:ERDC/CERL:2006,
 author         = {Charles Ehlschlaeger and James Westervelt and Harold Balbach and H. Resit Akcakaya and Tom Hoctor and Crystal Goodison and William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Winifred Rose and Robert C. Lozar},
 institution    = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center},
 title          = {Habitat Fragmentation Handbook for Installation Planners},
 editor		= {Robert C. Lozar},
 type           = {Technical Report},
 number         = {ERDC/CERL TR-06-36},
 month          = dec,
 year           = 2006 }

@InProceedings{Erickson:iEMSs:2006,
 author		= {David Erickson and Robert Oglesby and Scott Elliott and Forrest Hoffman},
 title		= {Peta-scale Climate Modeling: Biogeochemical and Financial Feedbacks},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the {iEMSs} {T}hird {B}iennial {M}eeting:  {I}nternational {C}ongress on {E}nvironmental {M}odelling and {S}oftware {S}ociety ({iEMSs} 2006), Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software},
 address	= {Burlington, Vermont, USA},
 day		= {9--13},
 month		= jul,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Erickson:AGU:2006,
 author		= {David J. Erickson and T. J. Blasing and Forrest M. Hoffman and Richard T. Mills and Z. Zhu and Stephan R. Kawa},
 title		= {Monthly Global Emissions of Anthropogenic {CO}$_2$: Atmospheric {CO}$_2$ Transport Calculations Based on {NASA} Data Assimilation},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 87,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41C-0044},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Erickson:JGR:2008,
 author		= {David J. Erickson and Richard T. Mills and Jay Gregg and T. J. Blasing and Forrest M. Hoffman and Robert J. Andres and Matthew Devries and Z. Zhu and S. R. Kawa},
 title		= {An Estimate of Monthly Global Emissions of Anthropogenic {CO$_2$}:  Impact on the Seasonal Cycle of Atmospheric {CO$_2$}},
 journal	= JGR,
 volume		= 113,
 number		= {G01023},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000435}{10.1029/2007JG000435}},
 day		= 15,
 month		= mar,
 year		= 2008 }

@Article{Erickson:AGU:2008,
 author		= {David J. Erickson and Auroop Ganguly and Karsten Steinhaeuser and Marcia Branstetter and Robert J. Oglesby and Forrest M. Hoffman and Lawrence Buja},
 title		= {Extreme Climate Event Trends: The Data Mining and Evaluation of the {A1FI} Scenario for 2000-–2100},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 89,
 number		= 53,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H12B-03, Invited},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2008 }

@Article{Erickson_AGU_2009,
 author		= {David J. Erickson and Steven Pawson and Jamison Daniel and Melissa Allen and L. E. Ott and Auroop Ganguly and E. Nielsen and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Atmospheric {CO}$_2$ Simulation inside {GEOS}-5: Data Mining, Evaluation and Treaty Verification},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 90,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A51A-0078},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2009 }

@InProceedings{Gwo:HPC:2000,
 author		= {Jin-Ping Gwo and Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {Mechanistic-Based Genetic Algorithm Search on a {B}eowulf Cluster of {L}inux {PC}s},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the High Performance Computing 2000 ({HPC}2000) Conference},
 address	= {Washington, DC},
 month		= apr,
 year		= 2000 }

@Article{Gwo:Computers_Geosciences:2001,
 author		= {Jin-Ping Gwo and Eduardo F. D'Azevedo and Hartmut Frenzel and Melaine Mayes and Gour-Tsyh Yeh and Philip M. Jardine and Karen M. Salvage and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {{HBGC123D}: A High Performance Computer Model of Coupled Hydrogeological and Biogeochemical Processes},
 journal	= {Computers \& Geosciences},
 volume		= 27,
 number		= 10,
 issn		= {0098-3004},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00027-9}{10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00027-9}},
 publisher	= {Pergamon Press, Inc.},
 address	= {Tarrytown, NY, USA},
 pages		= {1231--1242},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2001 }

@InProceedings{Hargrove:GIS:1995,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Daniel A. Levine},
 title		= {Interpolation of Bottom Bathymetry and Potential Erosion in a Large {T}ennessee Reservoir System Using {GRASS}},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems},
 address	= {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada},
 pages          = {552--557},
 month		= mar,
 year		= 1995 }

@Article{Hargrove:CISE:1999,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Using Multivariate Clustering to Characterize Ecoregion Borders},
 journal	= {Computing in Science \& Engineering},
 volume		= 1,
 number		= 4,
 pages		= {18--25},
 issn		= {1521-9615},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5992.774837}{10.1109/5992.774837}},
 publisher	= {IEEE Educational Activities Department},
 address	= {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
 month		= jul,
 year		= 1999 }

@InProceedings{Hargrove:GIS/EM4:2000,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {\href{http://www.colorado.edu/research/cires/banff/pubpapers/104/}{An Analytical Assessment Tool for Predicting Changes in a Species Distribution Map Following Changes in Environmental Conditions}},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling ({GIS}/{EM}4): Problems, Prospects and Research Needs},
 address	= {Banff, Alberta, Canada},
 month		= sep,
 year		= 2000 }

@Article{Hargrove:Scientific_American:2001,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Thomas Sterling},
 title		= {\href{http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000E238B-33EC-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21&pageNumber=1&catID=2}{The Do-It-Yourself Supercomputer}},
 journal	= {Scientific American},
 volume		= 265,
 number		= 2,
 pages		= {72--79},
 month		= aug,
 year		= 2001 }

@Article{Hargrove:Conservation_Ecology:2002,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Paul M. Schwartz},
 title		= {A Fractal Landscape Realizer for Generating Synthetic Maps},
 journal	= {Conservation Ecology},
 volume		= 6,
 number		= 1,
 pages		= {2},
 note		= {URL: \href{http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art2/}{http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art2/}},
 month		= jan,
 year		= 2002 }

@Article{Hargrove:Eos:2003,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Beverly E. Law},
 title		= {New Analysis Reveals Representativeness of the {A}meri{F}lux Network},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 84,
 number		= 48,
 pages		= {529, 535},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2003 }

@InProceedings{Hargrove:US-IALE:2004,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Developing a Practical Map-analysis Tool for Corridor Detection},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium of the International Association for Landscape Ecology, United States Regional Association (US-IALE)},
 address	= {Las Vegas, Nevada},
 pages		= {93--94},
 month		= mar,
 year		= 2004 }

@TechReport{Hargrove:ORNL/TM:2004,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 institution	= {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
 title		= {A Flux Atlas for Representativeness and Statistical Extrapolation of the {A}meri{F}lux Network},
 pages		= 142,
 type           = {Technical Memorandum},
 number         = {\href{http://www.geobabble.org/flux-ecoregions/}{ORNL/TM-2004/112}},
 day		= 28,
 month		= apr,
 year		= 2004 }

@Article{Hargrove:Env_Mgt:2004,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Potential of Multivariate Quantitative Methods for Delineation and Visualization of Ecoregions},
 journal	= EnvironManage,
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-1084-0}{10.1007/s00267-003-1084-0}},
 volume         = 34,
 number         = 5,
 pages          = {s39--s60},
 year		= 2004 }

@Article{Hargrove:Landscape_Ecology:2005,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Rebecca A. Efroymson},
 title		= {A Practical Map-Analysis Tool for Detecting Potential Dispersal Corridors},
 journal	= LandscapeEcol,
 volume         = 20,
 number         = 4,
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-004-3162-y}{10.1007/s10980-004-3162-y}},
 pages          = {361--373},
 month          = may,
 year		= 2005 }

@Article{Hargrove:AGU-Ameriflux:2005,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Quantifying Representativeness Importance Values for {A}meri{F}lux Sites},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 86,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B51C-0219},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2005 }

@Article{Hargrove:AGU-NEON:2005,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Bruce P. Hayden and Dean L. Urban and J. A. MacMahon and J. F. Franklin},
 title		= {Development of a Domain Map for Nodes of the {N}ational {E}cological {O}bservatory {N}etwork ({NEON})},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 86,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H33H-02},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2005 }

@InProceedings{Hargrove:iLEAPS:2006,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Quantifying Representativeness Importance Values for AmeriFlux Tower Locations},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 1st Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmsophere Processes Study (iLEAPS) Science Conference, Boulder, Colorado},
 editor		= {Anni Reissel and Asbj{\o}rn Aarflot},
 series         = {Report Series in Aerosol Science},
 number		= 79,
 address	= {Helsinki, Finland},
 note		= {ISSN 0784-3496},
 ISSN		= {0784-3496},
 ISBN		= {952-5027-66-X},
 pages		= {252},
 month		= jan,
 year		= 2006 }

@InProceedings{Hargrove:US-IALE:2006,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Bruce Hayden and Dean Urban and James MacMahon and Jerry Franklin and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Development of a Domain Map for Nodes of the {N}ational {E}cological {O}bservatory {N}etwork ({NEON})},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the International Association for Landscape Ecology, United States Regional Association (US-IALE)},
 address	= {San Diego, California, USA},
 day		= 31,
 month		= mar,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Hargrove:JGS:2006,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman and Paul F. Hessburg},
 title		= {Mapcurves: A Quantitative Method for Comparing Categorical Maps},
 journal	= JGS,
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10109-006-0025-x}{10.1007/s10109-006-0025-x}},
 pages          = {1--22},
 day		= 12,
 month		= may,
 year		= 2005 }

@Article{Hargrove:AGU:2006,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Multivariate Geographic Clustering as a Basis for Ecoregionalization in the Environmental Sciences},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 87,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract IN41C-02, Invited},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Hargrove:AGU:2008,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Joe Spruce and Gerry Gasser and Forrest M. Hoffman and Danny Lee},
 title		= {A New National {MODIS}-Derived Phenology Data Set Every 16 Days, 2002 through 2006},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 89,
 number		= 53,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B51B-0373},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2008 }

@Article{Hargrove:PERS:2009,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Joseph P. Spruce and Gerald E. Gasser and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Toward a National Early Warning System for Forest Disturbances Using Remotely Sensed Phenology},
 journal	= {Photogrammetric Engineering \& Remote Sensing},
 volume		= 75,
 number		= 10,
 pages		= {1150--1156},
 month		= oct,
 year		= 2009 }

@Article{Hargrove_AGU_2009,
 author		= {William W. Hargrove and Joseph P. Spruce and Gerald E. Gasser and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Toward A National Early Warning System for Forest Disturbances Using Remotely Sensed Land Surface Phenology},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 90,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B42B-06},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2009 }

@InProceedings{Hessburg:US-IALE:2006,
 author		= {Paul Hessburg and William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {A Quantitative Method for Comparing Categorical Maps},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the International Association for Landscape Ecology, United States Regional Association (US-IALE)},
 address	= {San Diego, California, USA},
 day		= 31,
 month		= mar,
 year		= 2006 }

@TechReport{Hoffman:ORNL/TM:1992,
 author         = {Forrest M. Hoffman},
 institution    = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
 title          = {A {U}nix Print Filter for Controlling an {HP} {L}aserjet Printer},
 type           = {Technical Memorandum},
 number         = {ORNL/TM-12190},
 year           = 1992 }

@Article{Hoffman:Computers_Geosciences:1993,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Vijay S. Tripathi},
 title		= {A Geochemical Expert System Prototype Using Object-oriented Knowledge Representation and a Production Rule System},
 journal	= {Computers \& Geosciences},
 volume		= 19,
 number         = 1,
 issn		= {0098-3004},
 pages		= {53--60},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(93)90042-4}{10.1016/0098-3004(93)90042-4}},
 publisher	= {Pergamon Press, Inc.},
 address	= {Tarrytown, NY, USA},
 month          = jan,
 year		= 1993 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:WATTec:1994,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {How Do {I} Connect to the {I}nternet? Let Me Count the Ways},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of WATTec '94},
 address	= {Knoxville, Tennessee},
 month		= feb,
 year		= 1994 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:PCOC:1994,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Converting Hard Copy Document for Electronic Dissemination},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 18th Annual Practical Conference on Communication ({PCOC})},
 address	= {Oak Ridge, Tennessee},
 month		= nov,
 year		= 1994 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:WATTec:1995,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Deployment of {I}nternet Technologies at {O}ak {R}idge {N}ational {L}aboratory},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of WATTec '95},
 address	= {Knoxville, Tennessee},
 month		= feb,
 year		= 1995 }

@Article{Hoffman:Troubleshooting:1998,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {Making Soup from Stones},
 journal	= {Troubleshooting Professional},
 volume		= 2,
 number         = 5,
 month          = may,
 year		= 1998 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:PDPTA:1999,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {Multivariate Geographic Clustering Using a {B}eowulf-style Parallel Computer},
 editor		= {Hamid R. Arabnia},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications ({PDPTA} '99)},
 volume		= {III},
 address	= {Las Vegas, Nevada},
 publisher	= {CSREA Press},
 pages		= {1292--1298},
 ISBN		= {1-892512-11-4},
 month		= jun,
 year		= 1999 }

@Article{Hoffman:Crossroads:1999,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {Parallel Computing with {L}inux},
 journal	= {Crossroads},
 volume		= 6,
 number         = 1,
 year		= 1999 }

@Article{Hoffman:OSDJ:2000,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {High Performance Computing: An Introduction to Parallel Programming With {B}eowulf},
 journal	= {Open Source Developers Journal},
 volume		= 1,
 number         = 1,
 pages		= {24--31},
 year		= 2000 }

@Article{Hoffman:AGU:2002,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Robert J. Oglesby and William W. Hargrove and David J. Erickson},
 title		= {Using Clustering to Establish Climate Regimes from {PCM} Output},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 83,
 number         = 47,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A61C-0090},
 month          = dec,
 year		= 2002 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:AMS:2003,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and David J. Erickson and Robert J. Oglesby},
 title		= {Using Clustered Climate Regimes for Understanding Water Cycle Variability},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the American Meteorological Society 83rd Annual Meeting},
 volume		= {69},
 address	= {Long Beach, California},
 note		= {Abstract 9.4},
 month		= feb,
 year		= 2003 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:ARM:2003,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and Anthony D. Del Genio},
 title		= {Multivariate Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Time-Series Data:  An Approach for Diagnosing Cloud Properties and Understanding {ARM} Site Representativeness},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Science Team Meeting},
 address	= {Broomfield, Colorado},
 note		= {Extended Abstract},
 month		= apr,
 year		= 2003 }

@Article{Hoffman:AGU:2003,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and David J. Erickson and Robert J. Oglesby},
 title		= {A Novel Method for Analyzing and Interpreting {GCM} Results Using Clustered Climate Regimes},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 84,
 number		= 46,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract GC12A-0155},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2003 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:CUG:2004,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Mariana Vertenstein and Hideyuki Kitabata and James B. White and Patrick Worley and John Drake and Matthew Cordery},
 title		= {Adventures in Vectorizing the {C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 2004 {C}ray {U}sers {G}roup Meeting},
 address	= {Knoxville, Tennessee},
 month		= may,
 year		= 2004 }

@TechReport{Hoffman:ORNL/TM:2004,
 author         = {Forrest Hoffman and Mariana Vertenstein and Peter Thornton and Keith Oleson and Samuel Levis},
 institution    = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
 title          = {{C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel Version 3.0 ({CLM3.0}) Developer's Guide},
 type           = {Technical Memorandum},
 number         = {\href{http://www.climatemodeling.org/~forrest/pubs/CLM3DevGuideAndReference.pdf}{ORNL/TM-2004/119}},
 month          = jun,
 year           = 2004 }

@MastersThesis{Hoffman:Thesis:2004,
 author         = {Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title          = {Analysis of Reflected Spectral Signatures and Detection of Geophysical Disturbance Using Hyperspectral Imagery},
 school         = {Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville},
 note		= {URL: \href{http://www.climatemodeling.org/~forrest/thesis/thesis.pdf}{http://www.climatemodeling.org/$\sim$forrest/thesis/thesis.pdf}},
 day		= 4,
 month		= nov,
 year           = 2004 }

@Article{Hoffman:AGU:2004,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {Quantitative Flux Ecoregions for {A}meri{F}lux Using {MODIS}},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 85,
 number		= 47,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B23B-07},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2004 }

@Article{Hoffman:Earth_Interactions:2005,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and David J. Erickson and Robert J. Oglesby},
 title		= {Using Clustered Climate Regimes to Analyze and Compare Predictions from Fully Coupled General Circulation Models},
 journal	= EI,
 volume         = 9,
 number         = 10,
 pages          = {1--27},
 note           = {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/EI110.1}{10.1175/EI110.1}},
 month          = aug,
 day            = 3,
 year           = 2005 }

@Article{Hoffman:IJHPCA:2005,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Mariana Vertenstein and Hideyuki Kitabata and James B. White III},
 title		= {Vectorizing the {C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel ({CLM})},
 journal	= IJHPCA,
 volume		= 19,
 number		= 3,
 issn		= {1094-3420},
 pages		= {247--260},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342005056113}{10.1177/1094342005056113}},
 publisher	= {Sage Publications, Inc.},
 address	= {Thousand Oaks, CA, USA},
 month		= aug,
 year           = 2005 }

@Article{Hoffman:AGU:2005,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Inez Fung and Jasmin John},
 title		= {Preliminary Results from the {C$^4$MIP} {P}hase 1 Simulations Using the {CCSM3-CLM3-CASA$'$} Coupled Model},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 86,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B33G-07},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2005 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:iLEAPS:2006,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Peter Thornton and Inez Fung and W. Mac Post},
 title		= {Land-Atmosphere Interactions Exhibited By Coupled Carbon-Cycle Climate Models},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 1st Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmsophere Processes Study (iLEAPS) Science Conference, Boulder, Colorado},
 editor		= {Anni Reissel and Asbj{\o}rn Aarflot},
 series         = {Report Series in Aerosol Science},
 number		= 79,
 address	= {Helsinki, Finland},
 note		= {ISSN 0784-3496},
 ISSN		= {0784-3496},
 ISBN		= {952-5027-66-X},
 pages		= {341},
 month		= jan,
 year		= 2006 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:US-IALE:2006,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {Applying Quantitative Ecoregionalization to Network Analysis: Quantifying Representativeness and Determining Importance Values for {A}meri{F}lux Sites},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the International Association for Landscape Ecology, United States Regional Association (US-IALE)},
 address	= {San Diego, California, USA},
 day		= 31,
 month		= mar,
 year		= 2006 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:iEMSs:2006,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Inez Fung and W. Mac Post and David Erickson},
 title		= {Recent Results From Coupled Climate/Carbon-Cycle Models in {CCSM}3},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the {iEMSs} {T}hird {B}iennial {M}eeting:  {I}nternational {C}ongress on {E}nvironmental {M}odelling and {S}oftware {S}ociety ({iEMSs} 2006), Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software},
 address	= {Burlington, Vermont, USA},
 day		= {9--13},
 month		= jul,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Hoffman:JPConf:2006,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Inez Fung and Jim Randerson and Peter Thornton and Jon Foley and Curtis Covey and Jasmin John and Samuel Levis and W. Mac Post and Mariana Vertenstein and Reto St\"ockli and Steve Running and Faith Ann Heinsch and David Erickson and John Drake},
 title		= {Terrestrial Biogeochemistry in the {C}ommunity {C}limate {S}ystem {M}odel ({CCSM})},
 journal	= JPConf,
 volume         = 46,
 pages		= {363--369},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/46/1/051}{10.1088/1742-6596/46/1/051}},
 month		= sep,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Hoffman:AGU:2006,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Inez Y. Fung and James T. Randerson and Peter E. Thornton and Reto St\"ockli and Faith Ann Heinsch and Steve Running and Kathy Hibbard and Jasmin John and Curt Covey and Jon Foley and W. Mac Post and William W. Hargrove and David J. Erickson and Natalie Mahowald},
 title		= {Preliminary Results from the {CCSM} {C}arbon-{L}and {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({C-LAMP})},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 87,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B51C-0316},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2006 }

@Article{Hoffman:JPConf:2007,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Curtis C. Covey and Inez Y. Fung and James T. Randerson and Peter E. Thornton and Yen-Huei Lee and Nan A. Rosenbloom and Reto C. St\"ockli and Steven W. Running and David E. Bernholdt and Dean N. Williams},
 title		= {Results from the {C}arbon-{L}and {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({C-LAMP}) and Availability of the Data on the {E}arth {S}ystem {G}rid ({ESG})},
 journal	= JPConf,
 volume         = 78,
 pages		= {012026 (8pp)},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/78/1/012026}{10.1088/1742-6596/78/1/012026}},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2007,
 abstract	= {This paper describes the Carbon-Land Model Intercomparison Project (C-LAMP) being carried out through a collaboration between the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) Biogeochemistry Working Group, a DOE SciDAC-2 project, and the DOE Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI). The goal of the project is to intercompare terrestrial biogeochemistry models running within the CCSM framework to determine the best set of processes to include in future versions of CCSM. As a part of the project, observational datasets are being collected and used to score the scientific performance of these models following a well-defined set of metrics. In addition, metadata standards for terrestrial biosphere models are being developed to support archival and distribution of the C-LAMP model output via the Earth System Grid (ESG). Progress toward completion of this project and preliminary results from the first set of experiments are reported.} }

@Article{Hoffman:AGU:2007,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and James T. Randerson and Inez Y. Fung and Peter E. Thornton and Jeff Lee and Curt Covey},
 title		= {Results from the {C}arbon-{L}and {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({C-LAMP})},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 88,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B31C-0324},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2007 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:iEMSs-MSTC:2008,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and Richard T. Mills and Salil Mahajan and David J. Erickson and Robert J. Oglesby},
 title		= {{M}ultivariate {S}patio-{T}emporal {C}lustering ({MSTC}) as a Data Mining Tool for Environmental Applications},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the {iEMSs} {F}ourth {B}iennial {M}eeting:  {I}nternational {C}ongress on {E}nvironmental {M}odelling and {S}oftware {S}ociety ({iEMSs} 2008)},
 editor		= {Miquel S\`anchez-Marr\`e and Javier B\'ejar and Joaquim Comas and Andrea E. Rizzoli and Giorgio Guariso},
 address	= {Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain},
 ISBN		= {978-84-7653-074-0},
 month		= jul,
 year		= 2008 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:iEMSs-C-LAMP:2008,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and James T. Randerson and Inez Y. Fung and Peter E. Thornton and Yen-Huei ``Jeff'' Lee and Curtis C. Covey and Gordon B. Bonan and Steven W. Running},
 title		= {The {C}arbon-{L}and {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({C-LAMP}):  A Protocol and Evaluation Metrics for Global Terrestrial Biogeochemistry Models},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the {iEMSs} {F}ourth {B}iennial {M}eeting:  {I}nternational {C}ongress on {E}nvironmental {M}odelling and {S}oftware {S}ociety ({iEMSs} 2008)},
 editor		= {Miquel S\`anchez-Marr\`e and Javier B\'ejar and Joaquim Comas and Andrea E. Rizzoli and Giorgio Guariso},
 address	= {Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain},
 ISBN		= {978-84-7653-074-0},
 month		= jul,
 year		= 2008 }

@Article{Hoffman:AGU:2008,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and James T. Randerson and Inez Y. Fung and Peter Thornton and Curtis Covey and Gordon Bonan and Steven Running and Richard Norby},
 title		= {Comparison of Global Model Results from the {C}arbon-{L}and {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({C-LAMP}) with {F}ree-{A}ir {C}arbon {D}ioxide {E}nrichment ({FACE}) Manipulation Experiments},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 89,
 number		= 53,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B51E-0447},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2008 }

@Article{Hoffman:iLEAPS-Marie_Curie:2009,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Martial Mancip},
 title		= {Working Group Report on Terrestrial Biosphere Model Evaluation},
 journal	= {Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS) Newsletter},
 ISSN		= {1796-0363},
 number		= 7,
 pages		= 64,
 month		= jun,
 year		= 2009 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:iLEAPS:2009,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and James T. Randerson and Inez Y. Fung and Peter E. Thornton and Natalie M. Mahowald and Gordon B. Bonan and Steven W. Running},
 title		= {The {C}arbon-{L}and {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({C-LAMP}):  A Prototype for Coupled Biosphere-Atmosphere Model Benchmarking for the {IPCC} {F}ifth {A}ssessment {R}eport ({AR5})},
 booktitle	= {Water in a Changing Climate --- Progress in Land-Atmosphere Interactions and Energy/Water Cycle Research},
 editor		= {Anni Reissell and Marjut Nyman and Miia Vesala and Tyyne Viisanen},
 series		= {Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference on the Global Energy and Water Cycle (GEWEX) and 2nd International Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS) Science Conference},
 address	= {Melbourne, Australia},
 volume		= 1,
 isbn		= {978-952-5855-01-2},
 pages		= {126--127},
 month		= aug,
 year		= 2009 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman:ICDC8:2009,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman James T. Randerson and Peter E. Thornton and Natalie M. Mahowald and Gordon B. Bonan and Steven W. Running and Inez Y. Fung},
 title		= {The {C}arbon-{L}and {M}odel {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({C-LAMP}):  A Model-Data Comparison System for Evaluation of Coupled Biosphere-Atmosphere Models},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 8th International Carbon Dioxide Conference},
 address	= {Jena, Germany},
 month		= sep,
 year		= 2009 }

@Article{Hoffman_AGU_2009,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and James T. Randerson and Peter E. Thornton and Gordon B. Bonan and Bj\o{}rn J. Brooks and Inez Y. Fung},
 title		= {An International Land-Biosphere Model Benchmarking Activity for the {IPCC} {F}ifth {A}ssessment {R}eport ({AR5})},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 90,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B23G-08},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2009 }

@InProceedings{Hoffman_IGARSS_20100725,
 author		= {Forrest M. Hoffman and Richard T. Mills and Jitendra Kumar and Srinivasa S. Vulli and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {Geospatiotemporal Data Mining in an Early Warning System for Forest Threats in the {U}nited {S}tates},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 2010 {IEEE} {I}nternational {G}eoscience and {R}emote {S}ensing {S}ymposium ({IGARSS} 2010)},
 address	= {Honolulu, Hawaii, USA},
 day		= 25,
 month		= jul,
 year		= 2010
}

@InProceedings{Johnson:ICCS:2009,
 author		= {C. Ryan Johnson and Markus Glatter and Wesley Kendall and Jian Huang and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Querying for Feature Extraction and Visualization in Climate Modeling},
 booktitle	= {Computational Science -- ICCS 2009, Part II},
 editor		= {Gabrielle Allen and Jaros{\l}aw Nabrzyski and Edward Seidel and Geert Dick van Albada and Jack Dongarra and Peter M.A. Sloot},
 publisher	= {Springer, Heidelberg},
 series		= {Lecture Notes in Computer Science ({LNCS})},
 address	= {Baton Rogue, Louisiana, USA},
 volume		= 5545,
 isbn		= {978-3-642-01972-2},
 pages		= {416--425},
 month		= may,
 year		= 2009 }

@Article{Keller:Frontiers:2008,
 author		= {Michael Keller and David Schimel and William Hargrove and Forrest Hoffman},
 title		= {A Continental Strategy for the {N}ational {E}cological {O}bservatory {N}etwork},
 journal	= {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
 note		= {Special Issue on Continental-Scale Ecology},
 volume		= 6,
 number		= 5,
 pages		= {282--284},
 month		= jun,
 year		= 2008 }

@InProceedings{Kendall:CTS:2008,
 author		= {Wesley Kendall and Markus Glatter and Jian Huang and Forrest Hoffman and David E. Bernholdt},
 title		= {Web Enabled Collaborative Climate Visualization in the Earth System Grid},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the {I}nternational {S}ymposium on {C}ollaborative {T}echnologies and {S}ystems ({CTS}'08)},
 address	= {Irvine, California, USA},
 month		= may,
 year		= 2008
}

@Article{Kloster_Biogeosciences_20100611,
 author		= {Silvia Kloster and Natalie M. Mahowald and James T. Randerson and Peter E. Thornton and Forrest M. Hoffman and Samuel Levis and Peter J. Lawrence and Johan J. Feddema and Keith W. Oleson and David M. Lawrence},
 title		= {Fire Dynamics During the 20th Century Simulated by the {C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel},
 journal	= {Biogeosciences},
 volume		= 7,
 number		= 6,
 pages		= {1877--1902},
 doi		= {10.5194/bg-7-1877-2010},
 day		= 11,
 month		= jun,
 year		= 2010,
 abstract	= {Fire is an integral Earth System process that interacts with climate in multiple ways. Here we assessed the parametrization of fires in the Community Land Model (CLM-CN) and improved the ability of the model to reproduce contemporary global patterns of burned areas and fire emissions. In addition to wildfires we extended CLM-CN to account for fires related to deforestation. We compared contemporary fire carbon emissions predicted by the model to satellite-based estimates in terms of magnitude and spatial extent as well as interannual and seasonal variability. Long-term trends during the 20th century were compared with historical estimates. Overall we found the best agreement between simulation and observations for the fire parametrization based on the work by Arora and Boer (2005). We obtained substantial improvement when we explicitly considered human caused ignition and fire suppression as a function of population density. Simulated fire carbon emissions ranged between 2.0 and 2.4~Pg~C/year for the period 1997--2004. Regionally the simulations had a low bias over Africa and a high bias over South America when compared to satellite-based products. The net terrestrial carbon source due to land use change for the 1990s was 1.2~Pg~C/year with 11\% stemming from deforestation fires. During 2000--2004 this flux decreased to 0.85~Pg~C/year with a similar relative contribution from deforestation fires. Between 1900 and 1960 we predicted a slight downward trend in global fire emissions caused by reduced fuels as a consequence of wood harvesting and also by increases in fire suppression. The model predicted an upward trend during the last three decades of the 20th century as a result of climate variations and large burning events associated with ENSO-induced drought conditions.}
}

@TechReport{Lee:ORNL/TM:1993,
 author         = {S. Y. Lee and Mark Elless and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 institution    = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
 title          = {Solubility Measurement of {U}ranium in {U}ranium-Contaminated Soils},
 type           = {Technical Memorandum},
 number         = {ORNL/TM-12401},
 month          = aug,
 year           = 1993 }

@InProceedings{Levine:GIS:1995a,
 author		= {Daniel A. Levine and William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Characterization of Sediments in the {C}linch {R}iver, {T}ennessee, Using Remote Sensing and Multi-Dimensional {GIS} Techniques},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems},
 address	= {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada},
 pages          = {548--551},
 month		= mar,
 year		= 1995 }

@InBook{Levine:1995,
 author         = {Daniel A. Levine and William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title          = {Characterization of Sediments in the {C}linch {R}iver, {T}ennessee, Using Remote Sensing and Multi-Dimensional {GIS} Techniques},
 editor		= {Michael Heit and H. Dennison Parker and Art Shortreid},
 publisher      = {GIS World Books},
 address        = {Fort Collins, Colorado},
 ISBN           = {1-882610-17-2},
 pages          = 600,
 year           = 1995 }

@TechReport{Lozar:ERDC/CERL:2005,
 author         = {Robert C. Lozar and William Hargrove and Forrest Hoffman},
 institution    = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center},
 title          = {Use of the {C}orridor {T}ool in Support of Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat Fragmentation},
 type           = {Technical Report},
 number         = {ERDC/CERL TR-05-23},
 month          = sep,
 year           = 2005 }

@Article{Mahajan:AGU:2007,
 author		= {Salil Mahajan and Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and Sigurd W. Christensen and Richard T. Mills},
 title		= {A Cluster Analysis Approach to Comparing {A}tmospheric {R}adiation {M}easurement ({ARM}) Observations with Global Climate Model ({GCM}) Results},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 88,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41A-0010},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2007 }

@InProceedings{Mahinthakumar:SC:1999,
 author		= {Gnanamanika Mahinthakumar and Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and Nicolas T. Karonis},
 title		= {Multivariate Geographic Clustering in a Metacomputing Environment Using {G}lobus},
 booktitle	= {Supercomputing '99: Proceedings of the 1999 {ACM/IEEE} conference on Supercomputing ({CDROM})},
 isbn		= {1-58113-091-0},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/331532.331537}{10.1145/331532.331537}},
 address	= {Portland, Oregon, United States},
 publisher	= {ACM Press},
 address	= {New York, NY, USA},
 month		= nov,
 year		= 1999 }

@InProceedings{Mills:CUG:2009,
 author		= {Richard T. Mills and Forrest M. Hoffman and Patrick H. Worley and Kalyan S. Perumalla and Art Mirin and Glenn E. Hammond and Barry F. Smith},
 title		= {\href{http://www.climatemodeling.org/~forrest/pubs/Mills+Hoffman_CUG_2009.pdf}{Coping at the User-Level with Resource Limitations in the {C}ray {M}essage {P}assing {T}oolkit {MPI} at Scale:  How Not to Spend Your Summer Vacation}},
 booktitle	= {Proceedings of the 2009 {C}ray {U}sers {G}roup ({CUG}) Meeting},
 address	= {Atlanta, Georgia, United States},
 month		= may,
 year		= 2009 }

@Article{Norby:AGU:2008,
 author		= {Richard J. Norby and J. M. Warren and C. M. Iversen and B. E. Medlyn and R. E. McMurtrie and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Nitrogen Limitation is Reducing the Enhancement of {NPP} by Elevated {CO}$_2$ in a Deciduous Forest},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 89,
 number		= 53,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B32B-05, Invited},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2008 }

@TechReport{Oleson_NCAR-TN_20100301,
 author         = {Keith W. Oleson and David M. Lawrence and Gordon B. Bonan and Mark G. Flanner and Erik Kluzek and Peter J. Lawrence and Samuel Levis and Sean C. Swenson and Peter E. Thornton and Aiguo Dai and Mark Decker and Robert Dickinson and Johannes Feddema and Colette Heald and Forrest Hoffman and Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Lamarque and Natalie Mahowald and Guo-Yue Niu and Taotao Qian and James Randerson and Steve Running and Koichi Sakaguchi and Andrew Slater and Reto St\"{o}ckli and Aihui Wang and Zong-Liang Yang and Xiaodong Zeng and Xubin Zeng},
 institution    = {National Center for Atmospheric Research},
 title          = {\href{http://www.climatemodeling.org/~forrest/pubs/CLM4_Tech_Note.pdf}{Technical Description of version 4.0 of the {C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel ({CLM})}},
 type           = {Technical Note},
 number         = {NCAR/TN-478+STR},
 address	= {Boulder, Colorado},
 day		= 1,
 month          = mar,
 year           = 2010 }

@TechReport{Oleson:NCAR/TN:2004,
 author         = {Keith W. Oleson and Yongjiu Dai and Gordon Bonan and Mike Bosilovich and Robert Dickinson and Paul Dirmeyer and Forrest Hoffman and Paul Houser and Samuel Levis and Guo-Yue Niu and Peter Thornton and Mariana Vertenstein and Zong-Liang Yange and Xubin Zeng},
 institution    = {National Center for Atmospheric Research},
 title          = {\href{http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/tss/clm/distribution/clm3.0/TechNote/CLM_Tech_Note.pdf}{Technical Description of the {C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel}},
 type           = {Technical Note},
 number         = {NCAR/TN-461+STR},
 address	= {Boulder, Colorado},
 month          = may,
 year           = 2004 }

@Article{Pittman:JGR:2007,
 author		= {Jasna V. Pittman and Elliot M. Weinstock and Robert J. Oglesby and David S. Sayres and Jessica B. Smith and James G. Anderson and Owen R. Cooper and Steven C. Wofsy and Irene Xueref and Cristoph Gerbig and Bruce C. Daube and Erik C. Richard and Brian A. Ridley and Andrew J. Weinheimer and Max Loewenstein and Hans-Jurg Jost and Jimena P. Lopez and Michael J. Mahoney and Thomas L. Thompson and William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Transport in the Subtropical Lowermost Stratosphere during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment},
 journal	= JGR,
 volume		= 112,
 number		= {D08304},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007851}{10.1029/2006JD007851}},
 month		= apr,
 day            = 20,
 year		= 2007,
 abstract       = {
We use in situ measurements of water vapor (H$_2$O), ozone (O$_3$),
carbon dioxide (CO$_2$), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO),
and total reactive nitrogen (NO$_y$) obtained during the CRYSTAL-FACE
campaign in July 2002 to study summertime transport in the subtropical
lowermost stratosphere. We use an objective methodology to distinguish
the latitudinal origin of the sampled air masses despite the influence
of convection, and we calculate backward trajectories to elucidate their
recent geographical history. The methodology consists of exploring the
statistical behavior of the data by performing multivariate clustering
and agglomerative hierarchical clustering calculations and projecting
cluster groups onto principal component space to identify air masses of
like composition and hence presumed origin. The statistically derived
cluster groups are then examined in physical space using tracer-tracer
correlation plots. Interpretation of the principal component analysis
suggests that the variability in the data is accounted for primarily
by the mean age of air in the stratosphere, followed by the age of the
convective influence, and last by the extent of convective influence,
potentially related to the latitude of convective injection (Dessler
and Sherwood, 2004). We find that high-latitude stratospheric air
is the dominant source region during the beginning of the campaign
while tropical air is the dominant source region during the rest of the
campaign. Influence of convection from both local and nonlocal events is
frequently observed. The identification of air mass origin is confirmed
with backward trajectories, and the behavior of the trajectories is
associated with the North American monsoon circulation.
} }

@Article{Post:DOE_Research_Summary:1997,
 author		= {W. Mac Post and Anthony W. King and Stan D. Wullschleger and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 title		= {Historical Variations in Terrestrial Biospheric Carbon Storage},
 journal	= {DOE Research Summary},
 number         = 34,
 month          = jun,
 year		= 1997 }

@Article{Randerson:GCB:2009,
 author		= {James T. Randerson and Forrest M. Hoffman and Peter E. Thornton and  Natalie M. Mahowald and Keith Lindsay and Yen-Huei Lee and Cynthia D. Nevison and Scott C. Doney and Gordon Bonan and Reto St\"ockli and Curtis Covey and Steven W. Running and Inez Y. Fung},
 title		= {Systematic Assessment of Terrestrial Biogeochemistry in Coupled Climate-Carbon Models},
 journal	= GCB,
 volume		= 15,
 number		= 9,
 pages		= {2462--2484},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01912.x}{10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01912.x}},
 month		= sep,
 year		= 2009,
 abstract	= {With representation of the global carbon cycle becoming increasingly complex in climate models, it is important to develop ways to quantitatively evaluate model performance against in situ and remote sensing observations. Here we present a systematic framework, the Carbon-LAnd Model Intercomparison Project (C-LAMP), for assessing terrestrial biogeochemistry models coupled to climate models using observations that span a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. As an example of the value of such comparisons, we used this framework to evaluate two biogeochemistry models that are integrated within the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) --- Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach$'$ (CASA$'$) and carbon–nitrogen (CN). Both models underestimated the magnitude of net carbon uptake during the growing season in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems, based on comparison with atmospheric CO$_2$ measurements and eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange. Comparison with MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements show that this low bias in model fluxes was caused, at least in part, by 1--3 month delays in the timing of maximum leaf area. In the tropics, the models overestimated carbon storage in woody biomass based on comparison with datasets from the Amazon. Reducing this model bias will probably weaken the sensitivity of terrestrial carbon fluxes to both atmospheric CO$_2$ and climate. Global carbon sinks during the 1990s differed by a factor of two (2.4 Pg C yr$^{−1}$ for CASA$'$ vs. 1.2 Pg C yr$^−1$ for CN), with fluxes from both models compatible with the atmospheric budget given uncertainties in other terms. The models captured some of the timing of interannual global terrestrial carbon exchange during 1988--2004 based on comparison with atmospheric inversion results from TRANSCOM ($r=0.66$ for CASA$'$ and $r=0.73$ for CN). Adding (CASA$'$) or improving (CN) the representation of deforestation fires may further increase agreement with the atmospheric record. Information from C-LAMP has enhanced model performance within CCSM and serves as a benchmark for future development. We propose that an open source, community-wide platform for model-data intercomparison is needed to speed model development and to strengthen ties between modeling and measurement communities. Important next steps include the design and analysis of land use change simulations (in both uncoupled and coupled modes), and the entrainment of additional ecological and earth system observations. Model results from C-LAMP are publicly available on the Earth System Grid. } }

@Article{Saxon:EcolLett:2005,
 author		= {Earl Saxon and Barry Baker and William Hargrove and Forrest Hoffman and Chris Zganjar},
 title		= {Mapping Environments at Risk Under Different Global Climate Change Scenarios},
 journal	= EcolLett,
 volume		= 8,
 number		= 1,
 pages		= {53--60},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00694.x}{10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00694.x}},
 month		= jan,
 year		= 2005 }

@Article{Schimel:Frontiers:2007,
 author		= {David Schimel and William Hargrove and Forrest Hoffman and James McMahon},
 title		= {{NEON}:  A Hierarchically Designed National Ecological Network},
 journal	= {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
 volume		= 5,
 number		= 2,
 pages		= 59,
 month		= mar,
 year		= 2007 }

@Article{Sisneros:JPConf:2008,
 author		= {Robert Sisneros and Markus Glatter and Brandon Langley and Jian Huang and Forrest Hoffman and David J. Erickson III},
 title		= {Time-Varying Multivariate Visualization for Understanding Terrestrial Biogeochemistry},
 journal	= JPConf,
 volume         = 125,
 pages		= {012093 (6pp)},
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/125/1/012093}{10.1088/1742-6596/125/1/012093}},
 year		= 2008,
 abstract	= {Petascale computing has brought forth a transformational way of doing science. To the global effort on studying climate change, this shift has enabled not only tools more functional and more powerful than before but also a scientific exploration more comprehensive than before. In this work, we report our efforts to employ recent ultrascale visualization technologies (SciDAC Ultravis) to study model comparison in terrestrial biogeochemistry datasets produced by computation (SciDAC C-LAMP). While many of the current efforts are specific to climate modeling research, our method of location-specific summarizing visualization of extreme and normal relative distribution patterns is generally applicable to other fields of computational sciences.} }

@Article{Thornton_AGU_2009,
 author		= {Peter E. Thornton and Forrest M. Hoffman and George C. Hurtt},
 title		= {Influence of Dynamic Land Use and Land Cover Change on Simulated Global Terrestrial Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles, Climate-carbon Cycle Feedbacks, and Interactions with Rising {CO}$_2$ and Anthropogenic Nitrogen Deposition},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 90,
 number		= 52,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B24B-06},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2009 }

@TechReport{Unseren:ORNL/TM:1993,
 author         = {Michael A. Unseren and Forrest M. Hoffman},
 institution    = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
 title          = {Errata Report on {H}erbert {G}oldstein's \textit{Classical Mechanics}, Second Edition},
 type           = {Technical Memorandum},
 number         = {ORNL/TM-12176},
 month          = jan,
 year           = 1993 }

@TechReport{Vertenstein:2004,
 author         = {Mariana Vertenstein and Keith Oleson and Sam Levis and Forrest Hoffman},
 institution    = {National Center for Atmospheric Research},
 title          = {\href{http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/tss/clm/distribution/clm3.0/UsersGuide/UsersGuide.pdf}{{C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel Version 3.0 ({CLM3.0}) User's Guide}},
 month          = jun,
 year           = 2004 }

@Article{White:AGU:2004,
 author		= {Michael A. White and Forrest M. Hoffman and William W. Hargrove},
 title		= {A Strategy for Global Phenological Observatories},
 journal	= Eos,
 volume		= 85,
 number		= 47,
 note		= {Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract B44A-02},
 month		= dec,
 year		= 2004 }

@Article{White:GRL:2005,
 author		= {Michael A. White and Forrest Hoffman and William W. Hargrove and Ramakrishna R. Nemani},
 title		= {A Global Framework for Monitoring Phenological Responses to Climate Change},
 journal	= GRL,
 volume		= 32,
 number         = 4,
 note		= {doi:\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021961}{10.1029/2004GL021961}},
 day            = 18,
 month          = feb,
 year		= 2005 }

@InProceedings{Xue:ICCS:2009,
 author		= {Yong Xue and Forrest M. Hoffman and Dingsheng Liu},
 title		= {{G}eo{C}omputation 2009},
 booktitle	= {Computational Science -- ICCS 2009, Part II},
 editor		= {Gabrielle Allen and Jaros{\l}aw Nabrzyski and Edward Seidel and Geert Dick van Albada and Jack Dongarra and Peter M.A. Sloot},
 publisher	= {Springer, Heidelberg},
 series		= {Lecture Notes in Computer Science ({LNCS})},
 address	= {Baton Rogue, Louisiana, USA},
 volume		= 5545,
 isbn		= {978-3-642-01972-2},
 pages		= {345--348},
 month		= may,
 year		= 2009 }